Blog / How to Build Interactive Marketing Dashboards
How to Build Interactive Marketing Dashboards
Interactive marketing dashboards simplify the overwhelming task of managing data from multiple platforms like Google Ads, Instagram, and CRM systems. By consolidating data into a single, real-time view, these dashboards enable UAE businesses to make faster, data-driven decisions. Unlike static reports, they allow you to filter by campaign type, region, or timeframe and drill down into specific details, such as revenue in AED or social media performance.
Key Benefits:
- Real-Time Insights: Monitor campaign performance instantly, critical for fast-paced markets like the UAE.
- Customisation: Adjust filters for regions (e.g., Dubai vs. Abu Dhabi), dates, and campaign types.
- Improved ROI: Companies using dashboards report a 28% higher chance of meeting KPIs.
- Localised Metrics: Display data in AED, use DD/MM/YYYY date formats, and track UAE-specific trends like Ramadan or the Dubai Shopping Festival.
Steps to Create Dashboards:
- Set Clear Goals: Define KPIs aligned with business objectives (e.g., conversion rates, ROI in AED).
- Integrate Data Sources: Connect platforms like Google Ads, Meta, and CRM tools for unified insights.
- Choose the Right Tools: Select platforms with customisable widgets, advanced filtering, and mobile optimisation.
- Tailor for UAE: Include AED currency, local date formats, and metrics relevant to regional trends.
- Add Interactivity: Use filters, drill-down features, and multi-level views for deeper analysis.
Interactive dashboards are essential for UAE businesses to stay competitive, offering a clear, actionable view of marketing performance across channels and regions.
How to Create a Digital Marketing Dashboard in MINUTES | Step by Step Tutorial
Setting Marketing Goals and KPIs
Before creating a marketing dashboard, it’s essential to establish clear objectives that tie directly to your business goals. Without this clarity, even the most sophisticated dashboard loses its value. Start by identifying what your business needs to achieve and then work backwards to pinpoint the metrics that will measure your progress effectively.
Align your marketing objectives with business goals like boosting brand awareness, driving sales, or improving customer retention. This ensures that every metric on your dashboard has a clear purpose. For instance, if your goal is a 20% increase in Q1 online sales, focus on KPIs such as conversion rate, average order value (in AED), and cost per acquisition.
Collaborate with stakeholders to define SMART objectives - specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound. A vague goal like "improve social media presence" becomes actionable when refined to something like: "increase Instagram engagement rate by 15% among UAE audiences aged 25–34 by 31/03/2025."
Connecting Business Goals to Marketing KPIs
Each business goal should link directly to one or more KPIs that track progress. Globally, the most monitored marketing KPIs include conversion rate (87%), cost per acquisition (81%), and return on ad spend (ROAS, 76%). However, the KPIs you choose should align specifically with your business objectives.
For example, if your focus is increasing online sales, relevant KPIs might include conversion rate, average order value (in AED), and cost per acquisition. On the other hand, brand awareness goals might prioritise metrics like website traffic growth, social media reach, and engagement rates. For customer retention, consider KPIs such as customer lifetime value, repeat purchase rate, and churn rate.
In March 2024, Wick worked with a UAE-based retail group to align their marketing dashboard KPIs with business goals using their Four Pillar Framework. By integrating website analytics, social media engagement, and sales data (all in AED), the company achieved a 30% increase in campaign ROI and improved cross-channel attribution accuracy.
A 2024 survey by Improvado revealed that 72% of marketing teams reported improved campaign performance after implementing dashboards with clear KPIs aligned to business goals. This improvement stems from focusing on actionable metrics rather than vanity metrics that look good but offer little decision-making value.
Common marketing KPIs include ROI, conversion rate, click-through rate (CTR), cost per lead, customer lifetime value, and engagement metrics like shares and comments. The key is ensuring each KPI ties directly to a business goal: ROI measures profitability, conversion rate tracks sales efficiency, and engagement metrics reflect brand visibility and audience interaction.
Avoid vanity metrics. Instead, focus on KPIs that can be measured with your available data sources and offer actionable insights. For instance, while total social media followers might seem appealing, engagement rate and click-through traffic to your website are far more impactful for decision-making.
Once global KPIs are identified, it’s time to tailor them for the UAE market.
Adapting KPIs for the UAE Market
Adapting KPIs to the UAE market ensures they deliver relevant and actionable insights. Localising KPIs involves reflecting regional market trends, cultural nuances, and formatting conventions. In 2024, digital ad spend in the UAE reached AED 1.2 billion, with performance marketing accounting for 58% of this spend, highlighting the importance of tracking performance-driven metrics in local currency.
Financial metrics should always be displayed in AED (د.إ), using local number and date formats. For example, instead of "USD $5,000", your dashboard should show "AED 18,350.00." Similarly, date ranges should follow the format "dd/mm/yyyy", so a campaign ending on 15/03/2025 is clear and consistent.
UAE-specific market trends also influence KPI selection. With high mobile usage rates in the region, metrics like mobile conversion rates and mobile traffic percentages deserve priority on dashboards. Additionally, seasonal shopping peaks during Ramadan, Eid, and events like the Dubai Shopping Festival require KPIs that track performance during these critical periods.
In June 2024, Emirates NBD implemented a marketing dashboard tracking KPIs such as lead conversion rate, cost per acquisition (in AED), and campaign ROI. By localising metrics and integrating real-time data, the bank increased digital lead conversion by 22% and reduced acquisition costs by 15% within three months.
Regional considerations should also account for differences in consumer behaviour across emirates. For instance, tracking performance in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and the Northern Emirates might reveal significant variations, making geographic filtering essential for accurate insights.
Time-based metrics must align with the UAE’s GMT+4 time zone to ensure real-time data reflects local business hours. This is especially important for monitoring campaign performance during specific times of day or reacting quickly to trending topics on social media.
| Business Goal | Global KPI Example | UAE-Localised KPI |
|---|---|---|
| Increase Sales | Revenue: $50,000 | Revenue: AED 183,500 |
| Reduce Costs | Cost per Click: $0.50 | Cost per Click: AED 1.84 |
| Improve Retention | Customer Lifetime Value: $2,000 | Customer Lifetime Value: AED 7,340 |
| Boost Engagement | Engagement Rate: 3.5% | Engagement Rate: 3.5% (regional platforms) |
Localisation goes beyond numbers and dates. It also involves cultural awareness. For example, KPIs tracking content performance should reflect engagement with Arabic-language content alongside English. Metrics may also need adjustments to account for cultural events and holidays that influence online behaviour across the UAE.
These customised KPIs lay the groundwork for integrating data sources into the interactive dashboards discussed in the next section.
Connecting Data Sources for Complete Insights
Building a unified marketing dashboard means bringing together data from various platforms into one centralised view. Without integrating these sources, your insights will remain fragmented, making it harder to evaluate your overall marketing performance. The first step is to pinpoint which data sources align with your business goals and establish automated connections to keep your dashboard updated.
A survey by Funnel.io revealed that 67% of marketers rank real-time data integration as the most valuable feature in a marketing dashboard. This highlights how critical seamless data integration is for making quick, informed decisions.
Finding Key Data Sources
Start by mapping your marketing funnel to determine the platforms that matter most. For many businesses in the UAE, essential data sources include Google Ads, Meta Ads (Facebook/Instagram), LinkedIn Ads, Google Analytics, CRM systems like Salesforce or HubSpot, email marketing tools such as Mailchimp, and eCommerce platforms like Shopify or WooCommerce.
If lead generation is your focus, prioritise CRM systems and paid advertising platforms. For eCommerce companies, integrating tools for website analytics, payment processing, and inventory management is crucial.
UAE businesses should also account for local platforms and payment methods. This might include regional eCommerce sites, Arabic-language content performance metrics, and local social media channels. Connecting these ensures your dashboard reflects the full scope of your marketing activities in the local market.
In January 2024, a UAE-based retail group successfully integrated Google Ads, Facebook, Shopify, and Salesforce CRM into a unified dashboard using Improvado. Guided by Digital Marketing Manager Fatima Al Mazrouei, the team automated daily data updates and enabled drill-down analysis by product category. The result? A 75% reduction in manual reporting time and a 22% increase in campaign ROI within three months.
Avoid connecting every possible data source. Instead, focus on the platforms that directly influence your key performance indicators (KPIs). Begin with three to five critical sources, and expand gradually as you grow comfortable with the system. Overloading your dashboard can slow its performance and make it harder to interpret.
Data quality is also important. Choose platforms with clean, well-structured data to ensure smoother integration. Messy or inconsistent data will require extensive cleaning, which can delay your setup.
Once your key sources are identified, automate their integration to maintain a steady flow of insights.
Setting Up Automatic Data Updates
After selecting your data sources, automate updates to ensure real-time accuracy. This aligns your dashboard with your KPIs and keeps performance tracking consistent. Relying on manual updates becomes impractical as your dashboard grows. Companies using automated marketing dashboards report a 30% faster decision-making process and a 25% boost in campaign ROI thanks to better data visibility and integration.
Most modern dashboard tools allow you to schedule automatic data refreshes based on your business needs. For high-priority metrics like ad spend or conversion rates, hourly updates provide real-time insights. For less urgent data, such as monthly email campaign results, daily or weekly updates may suffice.
Whenever possible, use API-based connections for the most reliable and frequent updates. Platforms like Google Ads, Meta, and leading CRM systems offer robust APIs that connect directly to dashboard tools. This eliminates manual data exports and reduces the risk of errors.
Set your refresh schedules based on when your team actually reviews the data. For example, there’s no need to update overnight metrics hourly if your team only checks performance during working hours. Aligning refresh times with your workflow can improve efficiency.
Always ensure your dashboard adheres to UAE formatting standards. This includes displaying currency in AED with proper thousand separators (e.g., 1,000.50), using the DD/MM/YYYY date format, and following local number conventions. Test these settings with sample data to avoid formatting issues once your dashboard goes live.
Keep a close eye on your automated connections. Set up alerts for sync failures or data discrepancies so you can resolve issues promptly. Document all data connections and transformation rules, and involve both marketing and IT teams in the setup process to identify potential problems early.
For platforms without direct API access, consider using ETL tools or middleware. These tools can extract data from multiple sources, standardise it, and feed it into your dashboard. While this adds some complexity, it enables you to connect virtually any data source your business relies on.
Selecting Dashboard Tools and Technologies
Choosing the right dashboard platform is crucial for turning insights into action. Once your data flows are automated, the next step is selecting tools that effectively transform raw data into meaningful insights. The challenge is to find tools that align with your team's workflow and technical capabilities.
Key Features to Look for in Dashboard Tools
- Customisable Widgets: Look for platforms that allow you to adjust traffic selectors, geographic filters, and date pickers. Features like conversion type toggles and demographic segmentation are particularly useful when analysing performance across UAE emirates or comparing Arabic and English content performance.
- Advanced Filtering Capabilities: A good dashboard lets users segment data by demographics, campaign types, product lines, and specific date ranges. These filters are invaluable for understanding regional performance or language-specific content trends.
- Drill-Down and Drill-Through Features: These tools let you dive deeper into metrics without cluttering the main view. For instance, you can click on overall campaign performance to reveal detailed data, such as individual ad group metrics or specific keyword insights.
- User Role Management: As your team expands, administrative controls become essential. Assigning viewing or editing rights based on roles ensures smooth collaboration and compliance with UAE data privacy regulations.
- Mobile Optimisation: Choose a platform that automatically resizes for different screen sizes and supports mobile layouts. This is essential for reviewing data on the go.
- Accessibility Features: Tools with colour contrast checks, keyboard navigation, and screen reader support ensure usability for all team members while demonstrating a commitment to inclusivity.
- Real-Time Data Integration: Platforms offering API connections, scheduled data refreshes, and custom data source integration enable quick responses to market changes. Automation reduces manual effort and minimises outdated reporting risks.
- Streamlined Dashboard Views: Limit your dashboard to 2–3 main views to maintain clarity and performance. Focus on key metrics - no more than five primary KPIs - and use clear, concise labels throughout.
Using Wick's Four Pillar Framework
Wick's Four Pillar Framework offers a comprehensive approach to dashboard design, integrating strategy and execution into a seamless system. This methodology is particularly well-suited for UAE businesses, addressing the challenges of fragmented tools by unifying data across all marketing channels.
- Build & Fill: This pillar lays the foundation with robust website development and effective content strategies, ensuring structured data flows from the start.
- Plan & Promote: By optimising SEO and advertising efforts, this step generates consistent data streams, making performance tracking more reliable.
- Capture & Store: Unified customer insights are achieved through Customer Data Platform (CDP) implementation and intelligent data systems. Behavioural tracking and journey mapping provide a complete picture of customer interactions.
- Tailor & Automate: This pillar enhances dashboards with marketing automation and AI-driven personalisation. These tools offer insights into campaign performance, explaining not just what happened but also why it worked. Features like tracking automated email sequences and monitoring customer journeys are all accessible within one interface.
For businesses in the UAE, Wick's framework naturally accommodates local requirements, such as Arabic language support and culturally relevant design elements like colour schemes and iconography.
Moreover, this unified approach scales effortlessly as your business grows. Whether you're launching campaigns in new emirates, integrating influencer marketing, or adopting advanced AI tools, the framework ensures seamless expansion. It supports advanced features like cross-channel attribution, customer lifetime value analysis, and comprehensive ROI tracking - capabilities that standalone tools often lack.
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Building Dashboards for UAE Users
Once you have integrated your data and set up the necessary tools, the next step is crafting dashboards tailored to the UAE market. To meet the needs of decision-makers in the region, your dashboard must combine effective visual design with an understanding of local preferences. The ultimate goal? Deliver insights that help stakeholders act swiftly in the UAE's fast-moving business world.
Data Visualisation Best Practices
The backbone of a good dashboard lies in choosing the right visualisation methods for your marketing metrics. Bar charts are perfect for comparing performance across channels or time, making them ideal for showing how social media engagement varies across platforms or comparing monthly revenue in AED. If you're tracking trends over time, line graphs offer the clearest view. These are particularly useful for monitoring website traffic growth or analysing conversion rates over a quarter.
Scorecards should highlight key KPIs like ROI or customer acquisition cost. Place these essential metrics in the top-left corner of your dashboard, as this is where users in the UAE are likely to look first. To avoid overwhelming your audience, limit these to no more than five metrics.
Interactive features can elevate your dashboard from static to dynamic. Filters allow users to explore data by campaign type, region, or timeframe without overcrowding the main display. For instance, a marketing manager might want to focus solely on Dubai or Abu Dhabi results or drill down from overall campaign metrics to the performance of specific ad groups.
Skip pie charts altogether when presenting marketing data - they're hard to interpret and compare. Instead, opt for horizontal bar charts for categorical data or stacked bar charts when you need to show both composition and comparison.
While these visualisation principles are essential, adapting your design to local preferences ensures your dashboard resonates with UAE users.
Local Considerations in Dashboard Design
Beyond effective data visualisation, tailoring your design to UAE-specific standards is crucial for delivering actionable insights. Every design element should reflect both professional norms and local expectations.
In the UAE's corporate culture, neutral and professional colour schemes work best. Blues, greys, and whites are safe choices, while green and red should be reserved for status indicators - green for positive metrics and red for alerts or declining performance. This approach balances aesthetic appeal with clear communication.
Monetary values should always use the AED symbol (د.إ), dates must follow the DD/MM/YYYY format, and numbers should include comma separators for thousands and periods for decimals (e.g., 1,234.56). If temperature data is relevant, make sure to use Celsius, not Fahrenheit.
British English spelling conventions are important in professional UAE settings. Use terms like "optimise" instead of "optimize" and "colour" instead of "color." These small details show respect for local standards and enhance user trust.
Mobile optimisation is critical in the UAE, where smartphone usage is among the highest in the world. Test your dashboards on real devices to ensure interactive elements work smoothly on smaller screens. Buttons and touch targets should be easy to tap, and text should remain legible without requiring zooming.
Accessibility features are essential to accommodate the UAE's diverse workforce. Ensure high colour contrast, include keyboard navigation options, and support screen readers. These adjustments improve usability and reflect a commitment to inclusivity.
If your audience includes Arabic speakers, consider bilingual support options. While English is the primary business language, offering an Arabic toggle and right-to-left layout support can enhance engagement across teams.
Group related metrics into intuitive panels with clear, straightforward labels. For example, a retail dashboard might include sections like "Sales Performance", "Customer Acquisition", and "Digital Engagement", each with visualisations that align with specific decision-making needs.
Lastly, provide context for complex metrics. Use brief annotations or tooltips to explain how metrics are calculated or where the data comes from. This helps stakeholders understand the insights at a glance and builds confidence in the dashboard's accuracy.
Adding Interactive Features
Building on the earlier points about data integration and design, adding interactive features takes dashboards to the next level. These elements turn static reports into dynamic tools, allowing UAE marketing teams to explore data more deeply. Instead of being limited to fixed views, users can customise their analysis, uncover actionable insights, and make smarter decisions for campaigns and channels.
Creating Filters and Controls
Interactive dashboards start with well-thought-out filters that let users segment data easily. For example, marketing teams can filter by campaign type, such as social media, search engine marketing, email campaigns, or display ads. This helps managers quickly focus on specific channels without wading through unrelated data.
Geographic filters are particularly useful for businesses operating across the Emirates. Dropdown menus for locations like Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Sharjah allow instant updates to all visualisations. This makes it easier to analyse campaign performance in specific cities or compare engagement rates between regions.
Date range controls should align with UAE standards. Offering preset options like "Last 7 Days", "Current Month", and "Previous Quarter", alongside custom date pickers, helps teams compare results from key periods. For example, they can evaluate Ramadan campaigns against regular periods or track trends during UAE National Day promotions.
Filters for platforms like Google Ads, Meta Ads, LinkedIn, Snapchat, and TikTok are also essential. Dropdowns or click-to-filter options allow users to focus on individual platforms or compare their performance. For instance, clicking "Dubai" on a regional chart could immediately update all other visuals to show Dubai-specific data. Additional controls, such as sliders for budget ranges or toggle buttons for mobile versus desktop traffic, should be placed prominently at the top for easy access.
Currency filters are another critical feature, especially for campaigns spanning multiple markets. Even within the UAE, campaigns might track performance in AED, USD, or EUR. Clear currency options that automatically convert values and display them with the correct symbols ensure accurate and localised reporting.
With these controls in place, dashboards can offer both high-level summaries and detailed drill-downs, making them versatile tools for UAE marketers.
Building Multi-Level Dashboards
Multi-level dashboards complement interactive filters by organising information into layers, providing depth without overwhelming users. Start with a top-level summary page that highlights key metrics like total revenue in AED, overall conversion rates, and campaign ROI. This gives stakeholders a quick snapshot of business performance.
The next layer can focus on specific channels - such as paid search, social media, email marketing, or content performance. Each channel page should have a consistent layout but emphasise metrics relevant to that channel. For instance, social media pages might highlight engagement rates and reach, while search engine pages focus on click-through rates and quality scores.
For more detailed analysis, campaign-level drilldown pages are essential. These pages should include performance trends, audience demographics, and creative performance data. Navigation breadcrumbs can help users understand where they are in the dashboard hierarchy, making it easy to move between summary views and detailed insights.
Drill-down and drill-through features are particularly valuable. For instance, clicking on a campaign name in the summary page could open its detailed performance data while keeping filters like date ranges and geographic focus intact.
Organise navigation menus logically, with sections like "Performance Overview", "Channel Analysis", "Campaign Details", and "Audience Insights." Consistent colour schemes and layouts across all dashboard levels reduce cognitive load, making the interface more intuitive.
At deeper levels, include contextual information such as campaign launch dates, target audiences, and budget allocations in AED. This helps users interpret data more effectively and make informed decisions. Cross-linking between levels - like linking a social media campaign page to related website traffic data - provides a more comprehensive view without requiring users to restart their navigation.
Lastly, ensure the dashboard is mobile-responsive. Features like collapsible menus and smooth touch interactions are crucial for on-the-go access. And don’t forget to maintain local formatting for dates and currency throughout the dashboard for a seamless user experience.
Conclusion and Next Steps
Key Points Summary
Creating effective interactive dashboards starts with a strong foundation rooted in clear, KPI-driven goals that align with your business objectives and the unique dynamics of the UAE market. These dashboards evolve into powerful tools when they combine functionality with a focus on user needs.
A critical component of success is data integration. By connecting sources like Google Ads, Meta campaigns, CRM systems, and e-commerce platforms, you gain a comprehensive view of your marketing performance, enabling quicker, more informed decision-making.
Choosing the right tools is equally important. Opt for platforms that offer interactive filters, automated data updates, and localisation features, such as AED currency displays and DD/MM/YYYY date formats. The tools you select should not only meet your current needs but also adapt as your business grows, all while maintaining reliability and performance.
User-friendly design is another cornerstone of effective dashboards. Clear visuals, consistent colour schemes, and intuitive layouts ensure accessibility for all team members, no matter their technical background. Features like click-to-filter options and drill-down capabilities transform static data into dynamic insights, encouraging deeper exploration and understanding.
These principles lay the groundwork for advanced expertise. Wick builds on these basics with its specialised approach to creating dashboards tailored for the UAE market.
How Wick Can Help
Wick’s Four Pillar Framework takes these principles to the next level, ensuring your dashboard doesn’t just display data but actively drives growth. With expertise in unifying digital ecosystems, Wick is an ideal partner for UAE businesses looking to implement interactive marketing dashboards.
The framework integrates key elements like website development, SEO, content creation, social media management, marketing automation, data analytics, and AI-driven personalisation into a cohesive system. This approach ensures every aspect of your digital presence feeds into a comprehensive dashboard.
The "Capture & Store" pillar focuses on building intelligent systems that unify customer insights, track behaviour, and map journeys - essential for creating effective dashboards. Meanwhile, the "Tailor & Automate" pillar enhances interactivity by implementing smart personalisation and automation tools, enriching the user experience and delivering deeper insights.
With over 27 years of combined expertise, Wick has served 75+ clients and managed more than 1 million first-party data points. Their track record includes working with companies like Forex UAE, where they delivered integrated digital strategies, detailed performance tracking, and actionable analytics to inform business decisions.
"Overall, I highly recommend Wick and MB to any business looking for a reliable and effective digital marketing partner. Their expertise, creativity, and dedication to delivering results are truly impressive." – Adelso Quijada, Head of Marketing GCC, Al Marai
Wick’s approach goes beyond simply creating dashboards. They build robust digital foundations that ensure your dashboard reflects the full spectrum of your marketing performance - from website analytics and social media engagement to paid advertising outcomes. This comprehensive perspective, combined with their deep understanding of UAE market needs, positions them to deliver dashboards that empower businesses with actionable insights and a competitive edge.
Take the first step: define your KPIs, map your data sources, and let Wick turn your dashboard into a powerful tool for marketing success.
FAQs
How can businesses in the UAE keep their marketing dashboards effective in a fast-changing market?
To ensure marketing dashboards remain effective in the UAE's ever-changing market, businesses should prioritise a well-integrated digital marketing strategy. By combining tools like advanced analytics, data-driven campaigns, and AI-based personalisation, dashboards can accurately represent shifting trends and customer preferences.
Wick's Four Pillar Framework offers a solid foundation for digital success. It focuses on website optimisation, marketing automation, and seamless data integration. This method ensures your dashboards deliver actionable insights, enabling you to respond to market shifts effectively and support long-term growth.
What are the key steps to combine multiple data sources into a single marketing dashboard?
To bring multiple data sources into a marketing dashboard effectively, a well-organised plan is crucial to ensure both accuracy and ease of use. Begin by pinpointing the most important data sources - think website analytics, social media metrics, and CRM data - and confirm that these sources align with the dashboard platform you're using.
Then, make use of data integration tools or APIs to link these sources smoothly, ensuring the data refreshes in real time. Be mindful of data formatting and standardisation to avoid mismatches or errors. When designing the dashboard, prioritise clarity and usability so that key metrics are straightforward to understand and lead to actionable insights.
For a more tailored approach, you might want to consult experts like Wick, who specialise in building unified, data-driven marketing systems designed to fit your specific business goals.
How can businesses customise their marketing dashboards to align with UAE-specific trends and data?
Businesses in the UAE have the opportunity to fine-tune their marketing dashboards by incorporating localised metrics that align with the region's unique preferences. For example, using AED (د.إ) as the currency, formatting dates as DD/MM/YYYY, and factoring in culturally important events and holidays can make performance tracking more relevant and actionable.
To keep your dashboards in tune with the market, it’s essential to focus on regional consumer habits, the most popular social media platforms in the UAE, and engagement trends specific to local audiences. Pulling insights from UAE-based campaigns and weaving in cultural considerations ensures your dashboard provides insights that resonate.
By crafting dashboards tailored to the UAE's market dynamics, businesses can develop marketing strategies that are not only more precise but also more impactful in connecting with the local audience.